Scaffolding:HowParentsCanPromoteLearningThroughGuidedPlay寓教于樂(lè):父母就是小孩最堅(jiān)固的「腳手架」壹心理翻譯社◎榮譽(yù)出品原作|VanessaLoBuePhD翻譯|Jenny_Z校編|Phoebe_菲貝,張真Derek注:為方便具有英文閱讀習(xí)慣和需求的讀者,我" />
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導(dǎo)讀">Scaffolding:HowParentsCanPromoteLearningThroughGuidedPlay寓教于樂(lè):父母就是小孩最堅(jiān)固的「腳手架」壹心理翻譯社◎榮譽(yù)出品原作|VanessaLoBuePhD翻譯|Jenny_Z校編|Phoebe_菲貝,張真Derek注:為方便具有英文閱讀習(xí)慣和需求的讀者,我...
寓教于樂(lè):父母就是小孩最堅(jiān)固的「腳手架」
Howchildrenlearnissomethingthatweareallinterestedin,someofusfromascientificperspective,othersfromapolicyperspective,andmostofusfromtheperspectiveofaparent.
我們都很好奇小孩是如何學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)的,不管是從科學(xué)的角度,從政策的角度,還是絕大多數(shù)人從為人父母的角度。
Watchingmysonfigureoutsomethingnew—likehowtofitwoodenblocksintoashapesorterorhowtomakehismusicboxplay—isbothfascinatingandexcitingforboththemomandtheresearcherinme.Attheripeoldageoftwo,everydayoffershimanewdiscovery,andIammorethanhappytositbackandwatchashelearnsfromtheworldaroundhim.
從我作為母親和研究人員的視角看來(lái),觀察我兒子探索新世界,例如拼接木塊或者玩音樂(lè)盒,都是壹件迷人且令人興奮的事。在他長(zhǎng)大到兩歲的時(shí)候,他每天都在探索新的事物,而我就坐在他身后看著他從身邊的世界里不斷學(xué)習(xí)。
Someresearchershavelikenedinfantsto"babyscientists"—experimentingwiththeirenvironmentsontheirowntolearnnewthings.Likescientists,childrendolearnnewthingsbyexperimentingwiththeworld,butthetruthis,veryfewactualscientistsworkalone.Infact,scientistsoftenaccomplishthemostwhentheyworkingroupsorinpairs,anditturnsoutthatthesamecanbetrueforyoungchildren.
有些人稱(chēng)嬰兒為“小寶貝科學(xué)家”,因?yàn)樗麄優(yōu)榱肆私馍磉叺氖澜缍粩嗟奶剿髦?。小孩們和科學(xué)家壹樣,通過(guò)做實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)新的東西。事實(shí)上,只有少數(shù)科學(xué)家是自己壹個(gè)人做研究的,絕大多數(shù)都是團(tuán)隊(duì)合作完成,或至少是兩個(gè)人壹起。這個(gè)特點(diǎn)在小小孩身上也是壹樣的。
Consistentwiththisidea,averyfamouspsychologistfromtheearly1900'snamedLevVygotskyproposedsomethingquiterevolutionaryforhistime.
前蘇聯(lián)著名發(fā)展心理學(xué)家利維·維谷斯基(LevVygotsky)在20世紀(jì)初提出了壹個(gè)在當(dāng)時(shí)極具革命性的概念。
Hesuggestedthatchildrenmightaccomplishthemostwhentheyworkwithsomeonesmarterthanthem.Hedescribedthezoneofproximaldevelopment,whichiswhatachildcanachievewiththehelpofanadult,oftentheirmoms.
當(dāng)小孩和比他們聰明的人壹起時(shí),小孩能獲得更大的成就。這就是教育心理學(xué)人盡皆知的“最近發(fā)展區(qū)(zoneofproximaldevelopment)”概念——“比現(xiàn)在的我做得更好壹點(diǎn)點(diǎn)”,就是“最近發(fā)展”,而小孩可以在成年人的幫助(多數(shù)時(shí)候是母親的幫助下)實(shí)現(xiàn)這份“最近發(fā)展”。
Withinthezone,parentscanscaffoldbehaviorsfortheirchildrenbyprovidinginstructionandguidance,muchlikethescaffoldingonbuildingsprovidesthosestructureswithsupportsothattheycangrowtoreachtheirgreatestheight.
在這個(gè)發(fā)展區(qū)里,父母為小孩的行為提供了如同腳手架作用的指引和指導(dǎo),而小孩就可以在這種幫助下達(dá)到他們所能到達(dá)的最高處。
Luckily,scaffoldingisn'tsomethingthatmostparentshavetoworktoohardat—theydoitnaturallyjustbytalkingtoorplayingwiththeirkids.
慶幸的是,為小孩提供這種支持并不是難事(這有個(gè)很形象的說(shuō)法:為小孩架起“腳手架(scaffolding)”,家長(zhǎng)們要做的也就是和平常壹樣,陪小孩聊天啊玩耍啊之類(lèi)的。
Infact,youcanprobablyseeexamplesofscaffoldinganytimeyouwatchamomtalktoherbaby.Babieslovetoseetheirmomssmileatthem,soasimplesmilecanactasapositivereinforcementorscaffold,encouragingthebabytorepeatwhateveritwasthatmadehergrininthefirstplace.Thus,byprovidingalovingsmile,laugh,orpatontheback,momscaninadvertentlyhelptheirbabieslearn.
其實(shí)很多時(shí)候你看壹位母親在和她的寶貝說(shuō)話時(shí),就是她在搭建腳手架。小孩們非常喜歡看到母親對(duì)著他們笑,簡(jiǎn)單的笑容起到的是正面鞏固和腳手架的作用。它鼓勵(lì)小孩去重復(fù)他們剛才那個(gè)讓大人微笑的動(dòng)作。所以母親的壹個(gè)有愛(ài)的微笑,爽朗的笑聲,或者輕拍小孩背部都在很大程度上幫助小孩們學(xué)習(xí)。
Forexample,researchersinterestedinhowmomsshapetheirbabies'languagelearningtrainedmomstoreinforcetheir8-month-oldswhenevertheybabbledbysimplysmilingandmovingclosertothem.Afterjustashortsessioninthelab,thebabieswho'smothersreinforcedtheirbabblingbabbledmore,andtheybabbledbetter(usingsoundsthatmorecloselyalignwithEnglishsounds)thanbabieswhowerenotreinforced.
有壹個(gè)研究是母親通過(guò)微笑和靠近小孩的方式作為鼓勵(lì),來(lái)訓(xùn)練8個(gè)月大年紀(jì)嬰兒的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)。在進(jìn)行了非常短的壹輪實(shí)驗(yàn)之后發(fā)現(xiàn),在牙牙學(xué)語(yǔ)的時(shí)候接受到鼓勵(lì)的壹組嬰兒,比沒(méi)有接受鼓勵(lì)的壹組開(kāi)口說(shuō)話次數(shù)更多、也更好(發(fā)出的音更接近單詞發(fā)音)。
Further,whenmothersrespondedtotheirbabies'babblesbyrepeatingsimilarsounds,babiesmodifiedtheirbabblestomatchthesoundsthattheirmothersmade,alsoresultinginmorematurebabbling.Iseetheverysamethinghappeningeverydayinmyownhome:Mysonsaysaword,Ismileandrepeatit,hethenrepeatsthewordagaintome,onlythistimebetterandmoreclearthanthefirsttime.
更進(jìn)壹步的實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)媽媽們的反饋是笑著重復(fù)壹個(gè)相似的發(fā)音時(shí),寶貝們會(huì)嘗試調(diào)整他們的發(fā)音,去靠近媽媽發(fā)的聲音,并且他們更愿意開(kāi)口了。其實(shí)我每天在家里都能看這個(gè)現(xiàn)象:我兒子說(shuō)壹個(gè)單詞,我笑著重復(fù)壹邊,接著他又再次重復(fù)給我,而這次比第壹次說(shuō)得更好更清晰。
Importantly,parentscanalsoscaffoldbehaviorsduringplaytimethatmighthelptheirchildrenlearnnewandimportantproblem-solvingskills.Forexample,researcherswhostudiedhowparentsmighthelptheir2-year-oldsduringproblemsolvingtaskspresentedparent-childpairswithasetofblocksandaskedthemtobuildatowerbystackingtheblocksaccordingtotheirsizes.Duringtheinteractions,parentswerereallygoodatknowingwhentogivetheirchildrenhintsandinstructionsinordertoboostthechild'sabilitytosuccessfullycreateatower.Infact,momswereespeciallygoodatbothleadingtheirchildrenthroughthetaskwhileatthesametime,allowingthechildtospendsometimeofftaskexploringfreely.
更重要的是,家長(zhǎng)在陪小孩玩的過(guò)程中可以幫他們學(xué)習(xí)新東西以及解決問(wèn)題的重要技巧。例如:有人研究父母是怎么幫助兩歲大的小孩解決困難的,他們讓小孩和家長(zhǎng)壹起搭建積木。過(guò)程中就發(fā)現(xiàn)父母都非常清楚的知道什么時(shí)候該給小孩提示了,好讓他們能完成積木塔的搭建。特別想說(shuō)的是媽媽們,她們?cè)谥廊绾螏托『⑼瓿扇蝿?wù)的同時(shí),還能給小孩最夠的時(shí)間去自由的探索和發(fā)揮。
Basedonthiswork,itappearsthatparentsarealreadyprettygoodatguidingchildren'slearningduringplaywithoutgoingoutoftheirwayordoinganythingspecial.But,ifyou'refeelinglikeyouwanttodoalittlemore,thereisalsoresearchdemonstratingadditionallearningbenefitswhenchildrenareengagedin
這些研究都清晰地說(shuō)明父母?jìng)冎廊绾卧⒔逃跇?lè),他們不用改變自己也不用做任何特殊的事情。當(dāng)然,如果你覺(jué)得你想更加進(jìn)壹步,也有相關(guān)研究表明小孩在有明確的指導(dǎo)或指示的情況下玩耍能學(xué)習(xí)到更多。
Parentsdon'thavetodomuchhereeither,asaskingsimplequestionsduringplaytimecanoftenpromotelearning.
其實(shí)關(guān)于這壹點(diǎn)作為父母也不需要做太多額外的事情,僅僅在過(guò)程中提簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)題就能提高效果。
Forexample,researchhasshownthatchildrenlearnmoreaboutengineeringwhenparentsaskedsimpleopen-endedquestionsaboutskyscraperswhilechildrentriedtobuildonewithblocks.
舉例來(lái)說(shuō):學(xué)者們發(fā)現(xiàn)在小孩玩積木的時(shí)候被問(wèn)到簡(jiǎn)單的關(guān)于摩天大樓的開(kāi)放性問(wèn)題,他們就會(huì)學(xué)到更多關(guān)于工程的知識(shí)。
Similarresearchsuggeststhatchildrenlearnmoreaboutthefunctionofanewtoyifparentsaskthechildtoprovideexplanationsforhowitmightwork.Thekeyhereistoprovidehintsandaskquestionstoencouragechildrentoexplore,withoutprovidingtoomuchdirectinstruction.
另壹個(gè)相似的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):當(dāng)家長(zhǎng)讓小孩解釋他們的玩具是什么原理時(shí),小孩們能發(fā)掘出玩具更多的功能。這里的重點(diǎn)是通過(guò)給提示和提問(wèn),但是不給明確目標(biāo)的方式,讓小孩自己去發(fā)掘和探索。
Indeed,childrenlearnmorebyexploringthemselvesthanbywatchinganadultdosomethingforthem,andtheyexploremoreifparentsdon'tprovideexplicitinstructionsabouthowtouseanewtoy.
事實(shí)上,與觀察父母如何表現(xiàn)相比,小孩們通過(guò)自己動(dòng)手探索的方式能學(xué)到更多;并且如果家長(zhǎng)不給關(guān)于怎么玩玩具的明確提示,小孩們往往更愿意去研究它。
Thepointofallofthisisthatchildrenlearnbyplaying,andmostimportantly,althoughtheycanlearnbyplayingontheirown,theycanoftenlearnmorewhenplayingwithsomeonewho'ssmarterthanthem,someonelikemomordad.
總得來(lái)說(shuō),小孩們?cè)谕娴倪^(guò)程中學(xué)習(xí)。并且更重要的是,和比他們聰明的人壹起玩,例如父母,小孩們就能學(xué)習(xí)到更多。
Thisdoesn'tnecessarilymeanthatyouhavetobethinkingaboutteachingyourchildduringplaytime;again,youwilllikelyscaffoldbehaviorsforyourchildwithouteventhinkingaboutit.
這里并不是說(shuō)在陪小孩玩的時(shí)候要想著教他什么,而是在你沒(méi)有察覺(jué)的情況下肯已經(jīng)給小孩提供了幫助。
Butbyprovidinghelpfulhintsandaskingsimplequestions,parentscangivechildrenthesupporttheyneedtoreachtheirfullpotential:Muchlikethescaffoldingonabuilding,playingwithparentsgiveschildrenjustenoughsupporttohelpthemstandontheirown.
當(dāng)然了,如果能給他們提示,并且問(wèn)壹些簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)題,父母則是可以幫助小孩發(fā)掘他全部潛能的。就如同建房所需要的腳手架,家長(zhǎng)陪同小孩壹起玩就是給予小孩們的最大支持和幫助。